What is it really to disrupt, or what is a disruptive innovation? And to put it in the African context, what does ‘disruption’ mean for the continent and what are the opportunities to disrupt?
A dictionary definition of the term ‘disrupt‘ is:
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- to throw into turmoil or disorder
- to interrupt the progress of (a movement, meeting, etc.)
- to break or split (something) apart
Disruptive innovation is NOT making a good product better
Clayton Christensen, the Harvard Business School professor who coined the term and came up with the theory of disruptive innovation, describes it as that kind of innovation that transforms a product that was traditionally complex and expensive to being widely accessible & affordable.
The most obvious example of this is the PC revolution and how companies like Apple and Microsoft undercut the giants of the computing world by introducing these much more affordable, much simpler to use computers as opposed to traditional mainframes that were way too expensive, even for many companies.
Disruptive innovation is about new markets
A truly disruptive innovation will be targeted at an entirely new market spectrum. Disruptive innovation is not about building better products for our best customers but about creating totally new products (or a new class of an existing product) for totally new customers. Using the PC revolution example, Apple and Microsoft literally created a market for the Personal Computer. An interesting concept here is that of “competing against non-consumption“, that is creating products that are not really competing against another product but competing to get non-consumers to start using that product.
Disruptive innovation in Africa
Given this idea of competing against non-consumption, Africa could be a great place for disruptive innovation. The gap between rich and poor is generally quite high, and the proportion of the lower-income population is higher than the middle-income populace.
This means that there are fewer people who are able to enjoy certain things in life simply because of the purchasing power they have. Often-times, the people in lower-income groups would like to enjoy the same things as those in the middle class but cannot, and there you have a non-consuming market which one can disrupt to take advantage of.
Framing this theory in the African context, what’s a great example of disruption in action? And what opportunities are there for entrepreneurs to create disruption?
MPesa
Five years ago, Kenya’s dominant Mobile Network Operator, Safaricom, introduced a new product offering — MPesa. Five years and multiple awards later, MPesa is the definitive case for the transformative potential of mobile money.
MPesa was really a disruptive technology. Who was disrupted? The banks, the traditional lending institutions. It (and really mobile money in general) really represents this concept of competing against non-consumption. The core tenet of mobile money has come to be stated in the goal of reaching the “unbanked”. Basically, people who have no access to or no capacity to qualify for a traditional bank account – non-consumers.
The big question now is who’s going to disrupt Safaricom in Kenya?
In the mobile money space that disruptor could be found in a much smaller mobile money network that boasts a modest 70 000 subscribers versus Safaricom’s 15.21-million customers, and moved Sh. 1.13-billion in December 2011 versus Safaricom’s 116.6-billion.
That’s Mobi Pay’s Tangaza platform.
While its figures seem modest, it’s overtaken even the second largest mobile operator in Kenya, Airtel Money which has a larger subscriber base of about 3.16-million but moved only Sh 420-million in December 2011, less than half of Tangaza’s volumes.
A key differentiator of the Tangaza offering is that it supports cross-network transactions, something that the mobile operators have been reluctant to embrace.
Opportunity to disrupt: Energy
Much of Africa’s population is rural, with much of the rural population having very limited or no access to electricity. It is estimated actually that very soon, more of Africa’s population will have access to mobile but not electricity. This presents a great opportunity to exploit the concept of competing against non-consumption.
The thing with clean energy such as solar is that the technology is still quite expensive and would be out of reach for rural Africa. It is interesting, however that there are amazing innovations that will open up this low-income segment. One case of a company’s that’s poised to create disruption is EGG Energy:
EGG Energy is a Tanzanian company that calls itself the “Netflix of batteries“. EGG aims at helping low-income consumers in Sub-Saharan Africa gain access to clean, affordable energy, using a unique strategy based around portable rechargeable batteries. Its business is based on the fact that 80% of the Tanzanian population live within five kilometres of a transmission line but less than 15% have access to electricity
According to the company’s website, its model works as follows:
1. We take power from a grid or off-grid power station and package it into portable, rechargeable, and affordable batteries. Each battery is about the size of a brick and lasts about five nights in a typical household.
2. Each battery is rented to a customer in exchange for a subscription fee.
3. Customers can exchange their depleted battery for a fully charged one at any time, by paying a small swapping fee at a nearby EGG-energy charging depot.
Perhaps it will disrupt Tanzania’s power companies.
Opportunity to disrupt: Smartphones
One of the most evident opportunities for disruption in Africa is in the handset manufacturing industry. It has been predicted that smartphones will become cheaper as more and higher end features also appear on devices in the lower end of the spectrum.
Huawei made a killing in Kenya with its US$100 IDEOS Smartphone, and already the prediction is that the cost will go down to close to US$50. Vodacom CEO, Pieter Uys reckons the price barrier for smartphones will keep falling it much the same way as it did for ‘normal’ phones.
Now that’s real disruption.
